8. Global warming refers to the long-term increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. These gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), trap heat from the sun and prevent it from escaping back into space, leading to a warming effect.

The causes of global warming include:
- Burning fossil fuels: The combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas for energy production releases large amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere.
- Deforestation: Cutting down trees reduces the Earth's capacity to absorb CO2, leading to higher concentrations of greenhouse gases.
- Industrial processes: Certain industrial activities release greenhouse gases, such as methane from livestock and rice production, and N2O from chemical manufacturing.
- Agricultural practices: The use of synthetic fertilizers and the management of livestock contribute to the release of greenhouse gases.

9. Global warming has several consequences, including:
- Rising temperatures: Increased global temperatures can lead to heatwaves, droughts, and wildfires, affecting ecosystems and human health.
- Melting ice and rising sea levels: As temperatures rise, ice caps and glaciers melt, contributing to sea-level rise, which can result in coastal flooding and the loss of coastal habitats.
- Changes in precipitation patterns: Global warming can alter rainfall patterns, leading to more frequent and intense storms, as well as prolonged droughts.
- Ecosystem disruptions: Many plant and animal species are sensitive to changes in temperature, and global warming can disrupt their habitats, leading to species extinction and imbalances in ecosystems.

10. To reduce global warming, we can take several actions:
- Transition to renewable energy sources: Moving away from fossil fuels and investing in renewable energy, such as solar and wind power, can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
- Energy efficiency: Improving energy efficiency in buildings, transportation, and industrial processes can reduce the demand for energy and lower emissions.
- Forest conservation and reforestation: Protecting existing forests and planting new trees can help absorb CO2 from the atmosphere.
- Sustainable agriculture: Implementing practices that reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture, such as organic farming and efficient use of fertilizers, can contribute to mitigating global warming.
- Awareness and education: Spreading awareness about the causes and consequences of global warming can encourage individuals and communities to take action and make sustainable choices in their daily lives.