Read the passage and decide whether the statements are true, false or no information is given
I. Read the passage and decide whether the statements are true, false or no information is given . Write T ( True ) , F ( False ) or NG ( Not Given ).
The study from Andrew Oswald and Jonathan Gardner of Warwick University found that an increase in depression, strain, sleep loss and unhappiness during the 1990s had made employment more pressurised and less enjoyable in the public realm.
While public sector workers began the 1990s with far higher levels of job satisfaction than those in the private sector, the Warwick University research showed that this gap had been virtually eroded by 1998, which was a year of stringent control of government spending.
"We expect these trends to continue. I anticipate that things have got worse in the years to 2001, judging by the information we have been able to glean from other sources," Professor Oswald said.
"I think this is very serious for Britain. Job satisfaction has dropped dramatically in the public sector throughout the 90s. Stress has risen quite dramatically."
Prof Oswald said his view was that the decline in job satisfaction was linked to rising stress. "The very heavy increase in workloads in the public sector has made workers much less happy", he said.
The Guardian this week carried interviews with more than 200 workers from all parts of the public sector. Prof Oswald said that it was clear from the responses that those who chose jobs in the public sector did so because they were attracted by the "intrinsically interesting nature" of the work.
"Our evidence suggests that job satisfaction premium has collapsed."
All groups of public sector workers have become less satisfied at work over the past decade, a period in which they have faced extra bureaucracy, pressure to meet targets as well as the introduction of working practices from the private sector.
The steady decline in satisfaction was particularly evident in the NHS, higher education and those working for local government.
The sample of 5,000 workers was re-interviewed each year through the 1990s, with stress levels assessed by the answers to 12 standard questions used to measure mental distress and psychological ill health.
Overall, the researchers found that job satisfaction was u-shaped in age, with initial contentment at work during teenage years disappearing by the age of 25.
Job satisfaction was lowest when people were in their 20s and 30s - the period when people struggle to balance work with their family commitments - and highest among staff in their 50s and 60s.
Recorded job satisfaction was higher among women than among men, lower among blacks than whites, slightly lower in union workplaces than non-union ones, high in small workplaces, and highest of all in not-for-profit organisations.
The self-employed also said that they enjoyed their work, according to theWarwick University research.
Measured by educational attainment, the study found that those workers with no qualifications were most satisfied with their jobs.
"It is Britons with university degrees, surprisingly, who report the lowest levels of satisfaction at work", Prof Oswald said.
1. Public sector workers feel they are under pressure .
2. Worker in the public sector used to be happier than those in the private sector .
3. Worker in the private sector are now happier than those in the public sector .
4. The average public sector employee is unhappy .
5. University teachers have not been as unhappy as other workers.
6. Private sector employees experience less stress .
7. Teenage worker are generally fairly happy .
8. Older workers tend to be less satisfied.
9. Satisfaction is related to the size of the organisation you work for .
10. The more academically qualified you are , the more likely you are to feel satisfied with your job.
II. Rewrite
1. Rosemary's husband deserted her soon after their first child was born . ( walked )
Rosemary's husband .......soon after their first child was born.
2. Paul said there was no way he would give up his job . ( Giving )
Paul said that ..... the question.
3. We liked the new classmate right away. ( took )
We........right away .
4. We will ultimately all feel the effects of pollution . ( end )
In .......us all .
5. He was bound to fail the driving test . ( stood )
He......the driving test .
6. His salary is £1000 more now than it was last year. ( risen )
His salary....last year.
7. I don't feel like going for a walk . ( mood )
I.......out for a walk.
The study from Andrew Oswald and Jonathan Gardner of Warwick University found that an increase in depression, strain, sleep loss and unhappiness during the 1990s had made employment more pressurised and less enjoyable in the public realm.
While public sector workers began the 1990s with far higher levels of job satisfaction than those in the private sector, the Warwick University research showed that this gap had been virtually eroded by 1998, which was a year of stringent control of government spending.
"We expect these trends to continue. I anticipate that things have got worse in the years to 2001, judging by the information we have been able to glean from other sources," Professor Oswald said.
"I think this is very serious for Britain. Job satisfaction has dropped dramatically in the public sector throughout the 90s. Stress has risen quite dramatically."
Prof Oswald said his view was that the decline in job satisfaction was linked to rising stress. "The very heavy increase in workloads in the public sector has made workers much less happy", he said.
The Guardian this week carried interviews with more than 200 workers from all parts of the public sector. Prof Oswald said that it was clear from the responses that those who chose jobs in the public sector did so because they were attracted by the "intrinsically interesting nature" of the work.
"Our evidence suggests that job satisfaction premium has collapsed."
All groups of public sector workers have become less satisfied at work over the past decade, a period in which they have faced extra bureaucracy, pressure to meet targets as well as the introduction of working practices from the private sector.
The steady decline in satisfaction was particularly evident in the NHS, higher education and those working for local government.
The sample of 5,000 workers was re-interviewed each year through the 1990s, with stress levels assessed by the answers to 12 standard questions used to measure mental distress and psychological ill health.
Overall, the researchers found that job satisfaction was u-shaped in age, with initial contentment at work during teenage years disappearing by the age of 25.
Job satisfaction was lowest when people were in their 20s and 30s - the period when people struggle to balance work with their family commitments - and highest among staff in their 50s and 60s.
Recorded job satisfaction was higher among women than among men, lower among blacks than whites, slightly lower in union workplaces than non-union ones, high in small workplaces, and highest of all in not-for-profit organisations.
The self-employed also said that they enjoyed their work, according to theWarwick University research.
Measured by educational attainment, the study found that those workers with no qualifications were most satisfied with their jobs.
"It is Britons with university degrees, surprisingly, who report the lowest levels of satisfaction at work", Prof Oswald said.
1. Public sector workers feel they are under pressure .
2. Worker in the public sector used to be happier than those in the private sector .
3. Worker in the private sector are now happier than those in the public sector .
4. The average public sector employee is unhappy .
5. University teachers have not been as unhappy as other workers.
6. Private sector employees experience less stress .
7. Teenage worker are generally fairly happy .
8. Older workers tend to be less satisfied.
9. Satisfaction is related to the size of the organisation you work for .
10. The more academically qualified you are , the more likely you are to feel satisfied with your job.
II. Rewrite
1. Rosemary's husband deserted her soon after their first child was born . ( walked )
Rosemary's husband .......soon after their first child was born.
2. Paul said there was no way he would give up his job . ( Giving )
Paul said that ..... the question.
3. We liked the new classmate right away. ( took )
We........right away .
4. We will ultimately all feel the effects of pollution . ( end )
In .......us all .
5. He was bound to fail the driving test . ( stood )
He......the driving test .
6. His salary is £1000 more now than it was last year. ( risen )
His salary....last year.
7. I don't feel like going for a walk . ( mood )
I.......out for a walk.