Read the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space. Write your answers in ‘Your answers’ partRead the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space. Write your answers in ‘Your answers’ part. The question of whether war is inevitable is one that has concerned many of the world’s great writers. Before considering this question, (1)______ will be useful to introduce some (2) ______ concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social units - groups or individuals - directed against one another, is (3) ______ from competition, which means opposition among social units (4) ______ seeking to obtain something which is (5) ______ inadequate supply. Competitors may not know about one another, while those who participate in a conflict do. Conflict and competition are both (6) ______ of opposition. The meaning of opposition has been stated as a process by which social units function in the disservice of one another. Opposition is (7) ______ contrasted to cooperation, (8) ______ by which social units function in the service of one another. These (9) ______ are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very (10) ______ to occur and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies. Many authors have based their arguments that war cannot be avoided on the idea (11) ______ in the struggle for existence among groups of animals, only those which are best adapted remain (12) ______. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Those who fail in this competition (13) ______ starve to death or are killed by other types of animals. This struggle for existence is not (14) ______ to human war, but is (15) ______ the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The most important quality of this struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are not enough to satisfy all. 1. A. it B. that C. what D. this 2. A. related B. relating C. relative D. relation 3. A. variable B. distinguished C. various D. isolated 4. A. critically B. approximately C. independently D. costly 5. A. on B. for C. with D. in 6. A. formations B. classes C. terms D. reactions 7. A. nevertheless B. however C. thus D. maybe 8. A. procession B. standard C. process D. measurement 9. A. accounts B. definitions C. descriptions D. explanations 10. A. likely B. probably C. necessarily D. possible 11. A. which B. while C. when D. that 12. A. lived B. living C. alive D. life 13. A. not only B. either C. neither D. both 14. A. similar B. same as C. resembled D. imitated 15. A. equal B. alike C. like D. unlike |