Read the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space. Write your answers in ‘Your answers’ part.

The question of whether war is inevitable is one that has concerned many of the world’s great writers. Before considering this question, (1)______ will be useful to introduce some (2) ______  concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social units - groups or individuals - directed against one another, is (3) ______  from competition, which means opposition among social units (4) ______  seeking to obtain something which is (5) ______  inadequate supply. Competitors may not know about one another, while those who participate in a conflict do. Conflict and competition are both (6) ______  of opposition. The meaning of opposition has been stated as a process by which social units function in the disservice of one another. Opposition is (7) ______ contrasted to cooperation, (8) ______  by which social units function in the service of one another. These (9) ______  are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very (10) ______  to occur and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies.

Many authors have based their arguments that war cannot be avoided on the idea (11) ______  in the struggle for existence among groups of animals, only those which are best adapted remain (12) ______. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Those who fail in this competition (13) ______  starve to death or are killed by other types of animals. This struggle for existence is not (14) ______  to human war, but is (15) ______  the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The most important quality of this struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are not enough to satisfy all. 

1. A. it                                    B. that                         C. what                        D. this     

2. A. related                            B. relating                   C. relative                   D. relation     

3. A. variable                          B. distinguished          C. various                    D. isolated     

4. A. critically                        B. approximately        C. independently         D. costly     

5. A. on                                  B. for                           C. with                        D. in     

6. A. formations                     B. classes                    C. terms                       D. reactions     

7. A. nevertheless                   B. however                  C. thus                         D. maybe     

8. A. procession                     B. standard                  C. process                   D. measurement     

9. A. accounts                        B. definitions              C. descriptions            D. explanations     

10. A. likely                           B. probably                 C. necessarily              D. possible     

11. A. which                           B. while                       C. when                       D. that     

12. A. lived                            B. living                      C. alive                        D. life     

13. A. not only                       B. either                      C. neither                    D. both     

14. A. similar                         B. same as                   C. resembled               D. imitated     

15. A. equal                            B. alike                        C. like                         D. unlike