Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 30 to 36.
The change in the global surface temperature between 1850 and the end of the 21st Century is likely to exceed 1.5°C, most simulations suggest. The WMO says that if the current warming trend continues, temperatures could rise 3-5°C by the end of this century. Temperature rises of 2°C had long been regarded as the gateway to dangerous warming. More recently, scientists and policymakers have argued that limiting temperature rises to 1.5°C is safer. An Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report in 2018 suggested that keeping to the 1.5°C target would require “rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society”. The UN is leading a political effort to stabilise greenhouse-gas emissions for as long as we continue to emit greenhouse gases, temperatures will continue to rise. China emits more CO2 than any other country. It is followed by the US and the European Union member states, although emissions per person are much greater there. But even if we now cut greenhouse-gas emissions dramatically, scientists say the effects will continue. Large bodies of water and ice can take hundreds of years to respond to changes in temperature. And it takes CO2 decades to be removed from the atmosphere. As more CO2 is released into the atmosphere, uptake of the gas by the oceans increases, causing the water to become more acidic. This could pose major problems for coral reefs. Global warming will cause further changes that are likely to create further heating. This includes the release of large quantities of methane as permafrost - frozen soil found mainly at high latitudes - melts. Responding to climate change will be one of the biggest challenges we face this century. As the world warms, more water evaporates, leading to more moisture in the air. This means many areas will experience more intense rainfall - and in some places snowfall. But the risk of drought in inland areas during hot summers will increase. More flooding is expected from storms and rising sea levels. But there are likely to be very strong regional variations in these patterns.
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