III. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the following passage. GENDER ROLES IN PARENTING AND MARRIAGE Gender roles develop through internalisation and identification during childhood. Sigmund Freud suggested that biology determines gender identity through (21) with either the mother or the father. While some people agree with Freud, others argue that the development of the “gendered ...

III. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the following passage.

GENDER ROLES IN PARENTING AND MARRIAGE

Gender roles develop through internalisation and identification during childhood. Sigmund Freud suggested that biology determines gender identity through (21) with either the mother or the father. While some people agree with Freud, others argue that the development of the “gendered self” is not completely determined by biology, but rather the interactions that one has with the primary caregiver(s).

From birth, parents (22) differently with children depending on their sex, and through this interaction parents can instill different values or traits in their children on the basis of what is normative for their sex. This internalisation of gender norms includes the choice of toys (“feminine” toys often reinforce interaction, nurturing, and closeness, “masculine” toys often reinforce independence and competitiveness) that a parents give to their children. Education also plays an (23) role in the creation of gender norms. Gender roles that are created in childhood may permeate throughout life and help to structure parenting and marriage, especially in relation to work in and outside home. Despite the increasing number of women in the labor (24) , women are still responsible for the majority of domestic chores and childcare. While women split their time between work and care of the home, men in many societies are pressured into being the primary economic supporter of the home. (25) the fact that different households may divide chores more evenly, there is evidence supporting the fact that women have retained the primary caregiver role within familial life despite contributing economically to the household. This evidence suggests that women who work outside the home often put an extra 18 hours a week doing household or childcare related chores as opposed to men who average 12 minutes a day in childcare activities.