A. Contrastive linguistics Contrastive linguistics specifically focuses on comparing and contrasting languages for the purpose of language teaching and learning.

A. Dialects Contrastive linguistics typically compares established languages at levels like phonology (speech sounds), morphology (word structure), syntax (sentence structure), semantics (word meaning), and pragmatics (language use). While dialects can be compared, it's often considered a separate area within sociolinguistics or dialectology.

A. True A morpheme is indeed defined as the smallest meaningful lexical item in a language.

A. True The proverb illustrates a comparison where "necessity" is the source (like a mother) from which "invention" derives (like a child). The tertium comparationis (the point of comparison) is the source of origin.

B. SVO

• "I" is the Subject (S)
• "don't know" is the Verb (V)
• "if they will come or not" is the Object (O) (a noun clause functioning as the object of "know")

C. BCV

• "Đất đai sở hữu" (Land owned) is the Topic/Background (B)
• "là" (is) is the Copula/Linking Verb (C)
• "tôi" (I) is the Comment/New Information/Subject Complement (V in Vietnamese can function as a subject complement)

C. He pretends to be working.

• Presuppose non-factive verbs imply that the complement clause is not necessarily true. "Pretend" is a non-factive verb because the speaker doesn't assume that "he is working" is true.
• A. "I'm studying English" - This is a statement of fact (factive).
• B. "Where did she go?" - This is an interrogative sentence and doesn't have a presupposition in the same way as declarative sentences.
• D. "He could buy a ticket train -> He may have a trip" - This describes an entailment (if he bought a ticket, it's implied he might take a trip), not a presupposition.

A. True A primary goal of contrastive linguistics is to identify and analyze the differences and similarities between languages.

A. True Language transfer, the influence of one's native language on learning a new language, is broadly categorized into positive transfer (similarities aiding learning) and negative transfer (differences causing errors).

C. Translational equivalence This description refers to analyzing texts and data based on how they are rendered in different languages through translation, focusing on qualitative aspects and contrastive studies.

D. both (2) and (3) Contrastive linguistic fields are considered part of modern linguistics and continue to evolve into what could be termed new linguistics with advancements in technology and theoretical frameworks. Traditional linguistics has laid the groundwork but contrastive linguistics as a distinct field is more aligned with modern and contemporary approaches.

B. 2 The most common categorization of language transfer is into positive and negative transfer.

D. Rule equivalence This description directly aligns with comparing the underlying rules (phrase structure and transformational rules in the Chomskyan framework) that generate equivalent constructions in different languages.

A. True This is a restatement of question 9 and the answer remains the same.

D. pairs The method is called Minimal Pairs analysis, used in phonology to identify phonemes by finding pairs of words that differ in only one sound and have different meanings.

A. It is a logical manner that clarifies the announcement. Entailment is a logical relationship between sentences where the truth of one sentence necessitates the truth of another. It clarifies what is logically implied by an utterance.

A. SVC

• "The girl standing next to the door" is the Subject (a noun phrase with a participial phrase modifying "girl")
• "is" is the Verb (linking verb)
• "an actress" is the Subject Complement (C), identifying the subject.

C. the study of meaning, reference, truth and related notions Semantics is the branch of linguistics concerned with the meaning of words, phrases, sentences, and texts.

B. False The author of the book Teaching and learning English as a foreign language is typically associated with scholars like H. Douglas Brown or Marianne Celce-Murcia, not Baudouin de Courtenay (a prominent linguist known for his work on phonology and Slavic languages).

A. conversation analysis

• Contrastive linguistics focuses on comparing and contrasting languages.
• Language differentiation is a broader term that can include how languages become distinct.
• Language assessment often uses insights from contrastive linguistics to understand learner errors.
• Sign linguistics is the study of sign languages.
• Conversation analysis is a branch of sociology and sociolinguistics that studies the structure and organization of human interaction, particularly in conversation. While it deals with language, it's not a core area of contrastive linguistics.