A. conversation analysis

• Contrastive linguistics focuses on comparing and contrasting the structural elements of two languages. Conversation analysis, on the other hand, examines the structure and organization of spoken interaction.

B. False

• A learner's first language (L1) significantly influences the learning of a second language (L2), either facilitating (positive transfer) or hindering (negative transfer) the process.

A. SVC

• S (Subject): The girl standing next to the door (the entire noun phrase acts as the subject)
• V (Verb): is
• C (Complement): an actress (renames or describes the subject)

B. False

• Word structure analysis (morphology) examines the internal structure of words and how morphemes combine. Word formation analysis focuses on the processes by which new words are created. While related, they are distinct areas of study.

D. meat – meet

• A minimal pair consists of two words that differ in only one phoneme (sound). /miːt/ and /miːt/ are pronounced differently due to the spelling, but they are homophones.

• A. their /ðer/ - there /ðer/ (homophones)

• B. sink /sɪŋk/ - single /ˈsɪŋɡəl/ (differ by more than one phoneme)

• C. these /ðiːz/ - those /ðoʊz/ (differ by more than one phoneme)

• D. meat /miːt/ - meet /miːt/ (homophones) - Correction: This was a mistake in my initial thought process. Let's re-evaluate minimal pairs.

• Correct Answer for Minimal Pair: A. their – there

  • their /ðer/ - there /ðer/ - These are homophones, pronounced the same.
  • Let's look for a true minimal pair among the options:
  • Consider a different pair not listed, for example, "bit" /bɪt/ and "bet" /bet/ - this is a minimal pair.
  • Re-evaluating the provided options, none perfectly fit the definition of a minimal pair where only one phoneme is different leading to a change in meaning with different pronunciations. There might be an issue with the provided options. However, if forced to choose the closest based on spelling difference suggesting a potential pronunciation difference (though not always the case in English), one might argue for A or D having a historical or dialectal distinction, but standard pronunciation makes them homophones.

• Given the ambiguity and potential error in the question's options, I cannot definitively select a minimal pair from the choices provided based on standard pronunciation.

A. SVA

• S (Subject): The books
• V (Verb): have been put
• A (Adverbial): on the table (modifies the verb by indicating place)

B. False

• The author of the book Teaching and Learning English as a Foreign Language is typically associated with authors like H. Douglas Brown or others, not Baudouin de Courtenay, who was a linguist known for his work on phonology and Slavic languages.

B. Pragmatic equivalents

• This definition describes pragmatic equivalence, focusing on the functional similarity and the cognitive effects of linguistic devices in different speech communities.

A. SVC

• S (Subject): What she did (the entire clause acts as the subject)
• V (Verb): made
• C (Complement): me angry (the object complement "angry" describes the object "me")

B. False

• Negative transfer is when L1 knowledge hinders the acquisition of L2. When L1 knowledge helps, it's called positive transfer.

A. True

• Contrastive analysis can be conducted at various linguistic levels (phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics).

A. in the middle of XX century

• Contrastive linguistics gained prominence as a distinct field within applied linguistics during this period, particularly in the context of second language teaching.

A. True

• Coordination conjunctions (e.g., and, but, or) and subordination conjunctions (e.g., because, although, while) are methods used to link clauses in sentences, and their usage can be compared across languages in contrastive analysis.

A. True

• Language transfer is broadly categorized into positive transfer (L1 facilitates L2 learning) and negative transfer (L1 hinders L2 learning).

A. SVC

• S (Subject): My friend who has glasses (the entire noun phrase acts as the subject)
• V (Verb): wasn't
• C (Complement): at school today (the adverbial phrase "at school today" functions as a subject complement, indicating where the friend wasn't)

C. It focuses on L2 language acquisition.

• While contrastive analysis has implications for L2 language acquisition (by predicting areas of difficulty), its primary focus is the systematic comparison of two languages, not the process of acquisition itself.

A. System equivalence

• This describes system equivalence, which examines the corresponding elements and their relationships within the linguistic systems of two languages.

C. Equivalents in objects

• This describes translation correspondences based on real-world objects or cultural entities.

A. words that are pronounced and possibly spelled the same, but with a different meaning.

• This is the definition of homophones.

A. True

• Contrastive linguistics is generally considered to have gone through three main developmental periods: the early stages with Lado's work, the peak in the 1960s and 1970s, and a later period with more nuanced approaches.