B) Ellipsis is used to omit parts of the sentence, relying on context for meaning, which can lead to ambiguity.

• Explanation: Ellipsis is a linguistic phenomenon where words or phrases are left out of a sentence because they are understood from the surrounding context. While it enhances efficiency and avoids redundancy, if the context is unclear or misinterpreted, it can lead to ambiguity and hinder comprehension.

B) English allows for syntactic flexibility by changing word order in questions, negations, and passive constructions, which can affect clarity.

• Explanation: While English has a basic SVO word order, it deviates from this in various sentence types. Questions often involve subject-verb inversion, negations introduce auxiliary verbs and "not," and passive voice alters the subject and object positions. These shifts provide flexibility but can sometimes lead to more complex structures that require careful parsing for clarity.

B) It results in words losing their original meaning and being used in a more general, less precise sense.

• Explanation: Semantic bleaching is the process by which the original, stronger meaning of a word weakens over time through frequent use in a wider range of contexts. Words like "literally" are increasingly used for emphasis rather than their strict original meaning, and "really" can lose its sense of "actual" and become a general intensifier.

B) Intonation plays a crucial role in signaling contrastive focus, but written text lacks this feature, posing challenges for AI understanding.

• Explanation: In spoken English, speakers use stress, pitch, and pauses (intonation) to highlight specific parts of a sentence for emphasis or to indicate contrast. This crucial information is absent in written text, making it difficult for AI to accurately identify the intended focus and nuances of meaning that a human listener would easily grasp.

B) The lack of articles in some languages forces speakers to adjust their cognitive understanding of definiteness and specificity in English.

• Explanation: Languages without articles do not grammatically mark whether a noun is specific ("the") or non-specific ("a/an"). Learners from such languages need to develop a new cognitive framework to consistently and correctly apply English articles, which convey important information about the referent of a noun.