UNIT 12
Linking words and discourse markers
The main linking words expressing concession and contrast are despite, in spite
of, however, although, even though, much as, as/though (after adjectives), but,
yet, all the same, even so, nevertheless.
Despite and in spite of can only be followed by a noun or gerund:
• In spite of having a fax machine, he couldn't send the documents.
The alternative construction is in spite of/despite the fact that:
• She married him, in spite of the fact that he treated her badly.
All the other conjunctions and connectors are followed by a verb clause.
Note how as and though are used after adjectives:
•
Intelligent though she is, I don't think she'll win the competition.
• Brave as he was, the soldier dreaded the onset of battle.
Although, even though and much as can come at the beginning of the sentence
or introduce the second or additional clause:
• Much as I enjoy his company, I don't want him here the whole time.
But and yet normally introduce the second or additional clause:
She's charming, yet there's something a little odd about her.
All the same, even so, nevertheless and however all need a comma or commas
to separate them from the rest of the sentence:
• He decided to go, all the same. All the same, he decided to go.
However is a more formal alternative to but. It is rarely used in spoken English:
• Klaus was a loyal friend. However, she found him irritating at times.
Correct the sentences if
necessary. Tick any which
are already correct.
1 In spite of he revised hard for his exams, he didn't pass.
2 Much as I approve of her enthusiasm, I'm worried she'll overdo her
weight training.
3 He doesn't all the same know what he's talking about.
4 She would love the opportunity, although it seems unlikely at the
moment.
5 There are no grants available. Nevertheless, you may be awarded a
scholarship.
6 My first reaction was one of distaste, yet there was an element of
humour in the situation.
7 Despite his extended illness, he managed to complete his doctoral
dissertation.
8 Quiet this spot seems now though, you ought to see it when the
tourists are here in August!
9 Try a bit harder!' 'However I don't want to!'
10 I can't accept, but it's very kind of you to offer, all the same.
11. Even though your lack of agreement, you must admit
it's a strong case
12 Even so his creditors are baying for satisfaction,
he has just bought a BMW
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