a) (11 + x) - 7 = -5
First, simplify the expression inside the parentheses:
11 + x - 7 = -5
Combine like terms:
x + 4 = -5
Next, isolate the variable by subtracting 4 from both sides:
x = -9

b) 85 - (9 - x) = 41
First, simplify the expression inside the parentheses:
85 - 9 + x = 41
Combine like terms:
76 + x = 41
Next, isolate the variable by subtracting 76 from both sides:
x = -35

c) 3x - 2x + 3 = 8
Combine like terms:
x + 3 = 8
Next, isolate the variable by subtracting 3 from both sides:
x = 5

d) 2x - x - (-4) = -16
First, simplify the expression inside the parentheses:
2x - x + 4 = -16
Combine like terms:
x + 4 = -16
Next, isolate the variable by subtracting 4 from both sides:
x = -20