• A. conversation analysis Conversation analysis is a distinct field focusing on the structure and organization of spoken interaction, not directly a core component of contrastive linguistics.

• B. False Language transfer, both positive and negative, is a well-documented phenomenon in second language acquisition.

• A. SVC

  • "The girl standing next to the door" functions as the Subject (S).
  • "is" is the Verb (V) - a linking verb.
  • "an actress" is the Subject Complement (C), describing the subject.

• B. False Word structure analysis (morphology) examines the internal structure of words, while word formation analysis focuses on the processes by which new words are created. They are related but not the same.

• D. meat – meet A minimal pair consists of two words that differ in only one phoneme (sound) and have different meanings. "Meat" and "meet" differ only in the vowel sound.

• A. SVA

  • "The books" is the Subject (S).
  • "have been put" is the Verb (V).
  • "on the table" is an Adverbial (A) phrase indicating location.

• B. False The author of "Teaching and Learning English as a Foreign Language" is typically associated with scholars like H. Douglas Brown or David Nunan, not Baudouin de Courtenay, who was a prominent linguist in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, known for his work in phonology and Slavic languages.

• B. Pragmatic equivalents This description focuses on the functional and communicative effects of linguistic devices in different speech communities, which is the domain of pragmatics.

• A. SVC

  • "What she did" is a noun clause functioning as the Subject (S).
  • "made" is the Verb (V) - a linking verb in this context, as it establishes a state of being (me being angry).
  • "me angry" is the Subject Complement (C), where "me" is the indirect object of the linking verb (referring back to the subject's effect) and "angry" describes the state of "me" as a result of "what she did."

• B. False Negative transfer (or interference) refers to instances where L1 knowledge hinders the acquisition of L2. Positive transfer is when L1 knowledge facilitates L2 learning.

• A. True Contrastive analysis can be applied to phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.

• A. in the middle of XX century Contrastive linguistics gained significant momentum as an independent discipline in applied linguistics during the mid-20th century, particularly with the rise of structural linguistics and behaviorism in language learning theories.

• A. True Coordination conjunctions (like "and," "but," "or") and subordination conjunctions (like "because," "although," "when") are methods used to link clauses and are relevant in contrastive studies of sentence structure.

• A. True These are the two primary categories of language transfer based on their impact on L2 learning.

• A. SVC

  • "My friend who has glasses" functions as the Subject (S).
  • "wasn't" is the Verb (V) - a linking verb ("to be" in the past negative).
  • "at school today" is an Adverbial (A) phrase indicating location and time. Therefore, the core pattern is SVC, with the adverbial modifying the verb.

• C. It focuses on L2 language acquisition. While contrastive analysis is used in relation to L2 language acquisition to predict difficulties, its primary focus is the comparison of language structures themselves, not the process of acquisition.

• A. System equivalence This description focuses on the comparison of linguistic systems at a theoretical level, examining elements and their relationships within each language.

• C. Equivalents in objects This type of equivalence deals with cultural-specific items and concepts that are expressed by vocabulary in the two languages being compared.

• A. words that are pronounced and possibly spelled the same, but with a different meaning. This is the definition of homophones (e.g., "to," "too," and "two").

• A. True Contrastive linguistics is generally considered to have gone through three main developmental periods, often characterized by different theoretical underpinnings and goals.

Here are the answers to your multiple-choice and true/false questions:

1. A. conversation analysis
   (Conversation analysis is more associated with discourse analysis, not contrastive linguistics.)

2. B. False
   (A previously learned language can influence the acquisition of another language—either positively or negatively.)

3. A. SVC
   ("The girl... is an actress." — Subject (The girl...), Verb (is), Complement (an actress).)

4. B. False
   (Word structure analysis focuses on internal word structure; word formation includes the processes of creating new words.)

5. D. meat – meet
   (They differ in only one sound but have different meanings.)

6. C. SVOA
   (Subject: The books, Verb: have been put, Object: [understood as 'them'], Adjunct: on the table.)

7. B. False
   (The author is C.P. Corder, not Baudouin de Courtenay.)

8. B. Pragmatic equivalents
   (These focus on function and use in context within different speech communities.)

9. A. SVC
   (Subject: What she did, Verb: made, Complement: me angry.)

10. B. False
    (Negative transfer hinders L2 acquisition; positive transfer facilitates it.)

11. A. True
    (It can be conducted on phonological, morphological, syntactic, lexical, and pragmatic levels.)

12. A. in the middle of XX century
    (It developed mainly in the 1950s and 1960s.)

13. A. True
    (These are common methods in sentence linking and cohesion.)

14. A. True
    (Positive transfer helps; negative transfer causes interference.)

15. C. SVA
    (Subject: My friend..., Verb: wasn't, Adjunct: at school today.)

16. C. It focuses on L2 language acquisition.
    (Contrastive analysis is more about comparing structures between languages, not solely focused on L2 acquisition.)

17. A. System equivalence
    (This involves comparison on paradigmatic and syntagmatic axes.)

18. C. Equivalents in objects
    (These refer to real-world objects/entities expressed through different vocabularies.)

19. A. words that are pronounced and possibly spelled the same, but with a different meaning.
    (Examples: bank (river) vs. bank (financial institution).)

20. A. True
    (The 3 periods: Traditional, Linguistic Structuralism, and Modern/Contemporary contrastive linguistics.)

Let me know if you'd like explanations for any specific answer!

1. A. conversation analysis
   (Conversation analysis is more related to sociolinguistics rather than contrastive linguistics.)

2. B. False
   (The knowledge of the learner's first language can influence the second language learning, contrary to the statement.)

3. D. SVOC
   (The sentence pattern is Subject + Verb + Object + Complement: "The girl (S) standing next to the door (V) is (V) an actress (C).")

4. B. False
   (Word structure analysis and word formation analysis are related but not exactly the same.)

5. D. meat – meet
   (A minimal pair consists of two words that differ by only one sound, such as "meat" and "meet.")

6. C. SVOA
   (The sentence pattern is Subject + Verb + Object + Adverbial: "The books (S) have been put (V) on the table (A).")

7. B. False
   (Baudouin de Courtenay was not the author of Teaching and Learning English as a Foreign Language.)

8. B. Pragmatic equivalents
   (The description matches pragmatic equivalents, focusing on how language behaves in different speech communities.)

9. D. SVOC
   (The sentence pattern is Subject + Verb + Object + Complement: "What she did (S) made (V) me (O) angry (C).")

10. B. False
    (Negative transfer refers to how the first language negatively impacts the learning of the second language, not facilitates it.)

11. A. True
    (Contrastive analysis can be conducted on different linguistic levels, such as phonology, syntax, and semantics.)

12. A. in the middle of XX century
    (Contrastive linguistics began developing as an independent discipline in the mid-20th century.)

13. A. True
    (Linking methods include both coordination conjunction and subordination conjunction approaches.)

14. A. True
    (There are two types of language transfer: negative and positive.)

15. C. SVA
    (The sentence pattern is Subject + Verb + Adverbial: "My friend (S) who has glasses (V) wasn't at school today (A).")

16. C. It focuses on L2 language acquisition.
    (Contrastive analysis doesn't focus solely on L2 acquisition but rather on the comparison between languages to identify differences and similarities.)

17. A. System equivalence
    (System equivalence refers to examining how members of a system collocate and relate in both languages.)

18. C. Equivalents in objects
    (This refers to objects or entities outside of language, like foods or festivals in different cultures.)

19. A. words that are pronounced and possibly spelled the same, but with a different meaning.
    (Homophones are words that sound the same but may have different meanings, such as "bear" and "bare.")

20. A. True
    (There are generally considered to be three development periods in contrastive linguistics: the first, structuralist phase, the second, error analysis phase, and the third, interlanguage phase.)