dịch bài tiếng anh:
1.The nearest ancestor to humans, appeared in Africa perhaps 2 million years BP and began spreading into Asia and Europe soon after. It had a fairly large brain and a keletal structure similar to that of modern humans. Homo erectus hunted, learned to control fire, and may have had some primitive language skills. Brain development to Homo sapiens, then to the subspecies Homo sapiens sapiens occurred between 500, 000 and 50,000 years BP in Africa. All modern humans are members of the subspecies Homo sapiens sapiens. Humans have roamed widely over the globe throughout their development. There is increasing evidence that migration from Asia to Australia via the Timor Straits took place as early as 100,000 BP. Evidence of hominids in Siberia dates as early as 300,000 BP. First confirmed evidence for the crossing from Asia to the Americas, by land bridge, dates to the end of the last Ice Age, at 12,500 BP. 

 2. Some time after 10,000 BC, among widely separated communities, a series of dramatic technological and social changes accurred, marking the Neolithic, or New Stone Age. As the world climate became dier an wanner, humans learned to cultivate plants. This in turn encouraged growth of permanent settlements. Animals were domesticated. Manufacture of pottery and cloth began. These techniques permitted a dramatic increase in world population and social complexity, and accelerated humankin’s ability to manipulate the environment.Sites in North and South Aerica, Sout East Europe, and the Middle East show roughly contemporaneous (10,000-8,000 BC) evidence of one or more Neolithic traits. Dates near 6,000-3,000 BC have been given for East and South Asian, West European, and sub-Saharan African Neolithic remains. The variety of crops-field grains, rice, maize, and root – and varying mix of other characteristics suggest that this adaptation accurred independently in all these regions.

 3.Agricultural villages along the Nile were united by 3300 BC into 2 kingdoms, Upper and Lower Egypt which were unified (c 3100BC) under the pharaoh Menes. A bureaucracy supervised construction of canals and monuments (Pyramids starting 2700 BC). Control over Nubia to South was asserted from 2600 BC. Brilliant Old Kingdom Period achievements in architecture, Sculpture and painting, which reach their height during the 3rd and 4th Dynasties, set the standards for subsequent Egyptian civilization. Hieroglyphic writing appeared by 3200 BC, recording a sophisticated literature that included religious, writings, philosophies, history and science. An ordered hierarchy of gods, ineluding totemistic animal elements, was served by a powerful priesthood in Memphis. The pharaoh was identified with the falcon god Horus. Other trends included belief in an afterlife and short-lived quasimonotheistic reforms introduced by the pharaoh Akhenaton (c 1379-1362 BC) After a period of dominance by Semitic Hyksos from Asia (c 1700-1550 BC), the New Kingdom established an empire in Syria. Egypt became increasingly embroiled in Asiatic wars and diplomacy. Conquered by Persia in 525 BC, it eventually faded away as independent culture.