A. Vaccination Programmes for Different Populations
B. Misconceptions About Vaccinations and Vaccines
C. The Necessity of Vaccinations and Some Cautions
D. The Importance of Developing New Vaccines
Question 40: According to the passage, HPV and COVID-19
A. have killed many people B. are deadly and incurable
C. can be prevented by vaccines
Question 41: The word they in paragraph 2 refers to
A. vaccines
D. are only found in humans
B. everyone
C. diseases
Question 42: The word monitored in paragraph 5 mostly means
C. guided
A. limited
B. guarded
Question 43: Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A. Side effects after vaccinations are usually mild and temporary.
B. Everyone needs to be vaccinated, regardless of their health conditions.
C. Vaccines need to be tested and approved before they can be used widely.
D. Ages and the types of vaccines are important in vaccinations.
D. schedules
D. supervised
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct
answer to each of the questions from 44 to 50.
An air pollutant is defined as a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such
quantities as to affect humans, animals, vegetation, or materials adversely. Air pollution requires a very
flexible definition that permits continuous change. When the first air pollution laws were established in
England in the fourteenth century, air pollutants were limited to compounds that could be seen or smelled - a
far cry from the extensive list of harmful substances known today. As technology has developed and
knowledge of the health aspects of various chemicals has increased, the list of air pollutants has lengthened.
In the future, even water vapor might be considered an air pollutant under certain conditions.
Question 44: What is the best title for the passage?
A. The Increasing Threat of Water Vapor as an Air Pollutant
B. The Health Effects of air pollution
C. The Definition and Nature of Air Pollution
D. The Effects of Sulfur Dioxide on Human Health
Question 45: According to the first paragraph,
A. people could hardly see or smell pollutants.
C. the list of air pollutants is finite
Question 46: The word "extensive" in the first
A. measurable
B. immense
Many of the more important air pollutants, such as sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, are
found in nature. As the Earth developed, the concentration of these pollutants was altered by various chemical
reactions; they became components in biogeochemical cycles. These serve as an air purification scheme by
allowing the compounds to move from the air to the water or soil. On a global basis, nature's output of these
compounds dwarfs that resulting from human activities.
However, human production usually occurs in a localized area, such as a city. In such a region, human output
may be dominant and may temporarily overload the natural purification scheme of the cycles. The result is
an increased concentration of noxious chemicals in the air. The concentrations at which the adverse effects
appear will be greater than the concentrations that the pollutants would have in the absence of human activities.
The actual concentration need not be large for a substance to be a pollutant; in fact, the numerical value tells
us little until we know how much of an increase this represents over the concentration that would occur
naturally in the area. For example, sulfur dioxide has detectable health effects at 0.08 parts per million (ppm),
which is about 400 times its natural level of 0.1 ppm and is not usually a pollutant until its level reaches about
15 ppm.
(Adapted from "Four Corners 4" by Jack C. Richards and David Bohlke
B. the notion of air pollution is not stable
D. water vapor isn't considered as an air pollutant
paragraph is closest in meaning to
C. vengeful
D. minute