câu trực tiếp, câu gián tiếp 

Quy tắc chuyển từ lối nói trực tiếp sang gián tiếp: lùi một thời

Simple present –> simple past
Present progressive –> past progressive
Present perfect –> past perfect
Simple past –> past perfect 
Past progressive –> past perfect progressive
Simple future –> would + V
Can/may/must –> could /might/had to

2.2. Các chuyển đổi khác:

– Đại từ nhân xưng:

I –> he/she
We –> they
You –> I/ we
(tân ngữ và tính từ sở hữu chuyển theo nhân xưng chủ ngữ)

– Trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn:

Here –> there
This –> that
these –> those

– Trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian:

Today –> that day
Tomorrow –> the next day/ the following day
Yesterday –> the day before/ the previous day
Last week –> the week before/ the previous week
the day after tomorrow –> in 2 days’ time
the day before yesterday –> two days before.
Now –> then
Ago –> before

2.3. Các trường hợp không đổi thời

– Sự thật, sự việc luôn luôn đúng:

“the earth moves round the sun” he said.
–> He said that the earth moves round the sun.

– Câu điều kiện loại II và III:

“If I were you, I would leave here” he said.
–> He said that if he were me, he would leave there.

– Wish + past simple/ past perfect:

“I wish I lived in Da Nang”, he said.
–> He said he wished he lived in Da Nang.

– Cấu trúc “it’s time somebody did something”:

“It’s time he woke up”, she said.
–> She said it was time he woke up.

– Would/ should/ ought to/ had better/ used to không chuyển:

“ You’d better work hard” he said
–> He said that I had better work hard.

2.4. Các cách chuyển đổi cơ bản
A. Say that + a statement –> agree (đồng ý), refuse (từ chối), offer (đề nghị), promise (hứa), threaten + the infinitive (dọa)

“All right, I’ll help you” he said.
–> He agreed to help me.
“ Oh, no, I won’t come to your party”, he said.
–> He refused to come to my party.
“I’ll look for the cat for you tomorrow if you like” he said.
–> He offered to look after the cat for me the next day if I liked.
“I’ll visit your parents when I arrive there”, he said
–> He promised to visit my parents when he arrived there.
“I’ll sell the TV set if you keep on watching it all day”, said the father
–> the father threatened to sell the TV set if he kept on watching it all day

• Say that + a statement –> accuse …of (buộc tội), admit (thừa nhận), apologise for (xin lỗi), deny (từ chối), insist on + V-ing (khăng khăng)

“You stole the jewels” said the inspector 
–> the inspector accused her of stealing the jewels.
“I’ve made the wall dirty” said one student.
–> One student admitted making the wall dirty.
“I’m sorry I’m late” she said.
–> She apologized for being late.
“No, we didn’t enter the garden” said the boy.
–> the boy denied entering my garden. 
“Certainly, I’ll buy that car for you”, said he.
–> He insisted on buying me that car.

• Say to somebody + a statement –> told somebody + that + clause

“I’ve finished all my homework”, he said to me.
–> He told me that he had finished all his homework.

• Say + a statement –> said that + clause

“I’m going to Hanoi tomorrow”, he said.
–> He said that he was going to Hanoi the next day.

• Statement with command, request, advice, invitation, offer –> advise, ask, beg, encourage, invite, order, tell, warn, remind…

“You’d better hurry”, he said.
–> He advised me to hurry.
“Post the letter for me, will you?”he said.
–> He asked me to post the letter for him.
“Make another try, please”, he said.
–> He encouraged me to make another try
“Don’t drive too fast”, he said.
–> He warned me not to drive too fast.
“Remember to close the door”, he said.
–> He reminded me to close the door.
“Don’t forget to come at 6 a.m tomorrow”, he said.
–> He reminded to come at 6 a.m the next day.

• Questions in indirect speech

– Thời, đại từ, tính từ sở hữu, trạng từ chuyển như ở câu tường thuật.
– Yes-no questions –> asked/wanted to know if/whether

“Are you absent from your classes today?” he asked.
–> He asked/wanted to know if I was absent from my classes that day.

– Wh-questions –> asked/wanted to know + question word + clause.

“Where do you often meet your friends?” she said.
–> She asked where I often met my friends.

• Questions with “shall I…”–> 4 loại sau:

About future event (sự kiện trong tương lai)

“Shall we attend the meeting tomorrow”, she said.
–>She asked if they would attend the meeting the next day

Request for instruction or advice (Lời hướng dẫn hoặc lời khuyên)

“Shall I read it, mother?” ha said.
–> He asked his mother if he should read it.

Offer to do something

“Shall we bring you some new books?” she said.
–> She offered to bring me some new books.

Suggest to do something

“Shall we go to the cinema tonight”, he said.
–> He suggested going to the cinema that night.

• Questions with “Will you, would you, could you…?” (yêu cầu, đề nghị, mời)–> offer, invite, order, ask, told.

“ Will you come to my party tomorrow?” he said.
–> He invited me to come to his party the next day.
“Could you get ready at 6p.m tonight?” he said.
–> He told/asked me to get ready at 6p.m that night.
“Would you like some cigarettes?” he said.
–> He offered me some cigarettes.
“Will you shut your mouth?” he said.
–> He ordered me to shut my mouth.

• Let’s do…–> suggest + V-ing (nếu bao gồm cả người nói thực hiện hành động)
  Let’s do…–> suggest + that S should do…(có thể bao gồm hoặc không bao gồm người nói thực hiện hành động)

“Let’s go to the cinema tonight”, he said.
–> He suggested going to the cinema that night. (anh ta cũng đi)
–> He suggested that they should go to the cinema that night

• Yes, let’s do…–> agree
  No, let’s not do… –> be against the idea.

“Let’s eat out tonight” said the mother.
“Yes, let’s” said the son.
“No, let’s not” said the father.
–> the mother suggested eating out that night and the son agreed but the father was against the idea.

• Must –> had to

“I must finish my work tomorrow”, he said.
–> He said that he had to finish his work the next day.
“Must you go soon?” she said.
–> He asked if I had to go soon.

• Câu cảm thán trong lời nói gián tiếp

What + a + noun! /how + adj 
–> said that + clause 
–> gave an exclamation of delight (vui mừng, tán thưởng), disgust (kinh tởm), honor (sợ), surprise (ngạc nhiên)

“How beautiful the picture is”, he said.
–> He said that the picture was beautiful
–> He gave an exclamation of delight.
“What a dirty kitchen!” she said.
–> She said that the kitchen was dirty.
–> She gave an exclamation of disgust.
“How wonderful”, he said.
–> He said that it was wonderful.
–> He gave an exclamation of surprise.

“Yes/no” –> subject + trợ động từ

“Have you finished your homework?”he said
“Yes”, she said
–> He asked her if she had finished her homework and she said she had.
“Are you ready for the exam?” he said.
“No”, she said.
–> He asked if she was ready for the exam and she said she wasn’t.

• “Thank”–> subject + thanked

“Would you like to have dinner with me tonight?”, he said. “thank you, I’d love to” she said.
–> He invited her to have dinner with him that night. She thanked him and said she would love to.
“Good luck”, he said –> he wished me luck.
“Congratulation!”, he said –> he congratulated me.

Câu bị động đặc biệt
+Bị động với động từ có 2 tân ngữ Ta có cấu trúc câu chủ động với động từ có 2 tân ngữ:
S + V + Oi + Od
Trong đó: S (subject): Chủ ngữ
V (verb): Động từ
Oi (indirect object): tân ngữ gián tiếp (Không trực tiếp chịu tác động của động từ)
Od (direct object): tân ngữ trực tiếp (Tân ngữ trực tiếp chịu tác động của động từ)
Câu bị động sẽ có 2 trường hợp như sau:
- TH1: ta lấy tân ngữ gián tiếp lên làm chủ ngữ trong câu bị động
S + be + VpII + Od
- TH2: Ta lấy tân ngữ trực tiếp lên làm chủ ngữ trong câu bị động:
S + be + VpII + giới từ + Oi
Ví dụ:
- Chủ động: She gave me an apple yesterday. (Cô ấy đưa cho tôi một quả táo ngày hôm qua.)
S V Oi Od
(me: tân ngữ gián tiếp; an apple: tân ngữ trực tiếp)
- Bị động: TH1: I was given an apple yesterday. (Tôi được cho một quả táo ngày hôm qua)
S be VpII Od
Ta lấy tân ngữ gián tiếp lên làm chủ ngữ nên “me” chuyển thành “I”.
TH2: An apple was given to me yesterday. (Một quả táo được đưa cho tôi ngày hôm qua.)
S be VpII
Ta lấy tân ngữ trực tiếp “an apple” lên làm chủ ngữ và sau động từ phân từ 2 ta sử dụng giới từ “to”.

+ Bị động với động từ khuyết thiếu
Các động từ khuyết thiếu (modal verb)O: Can, could, would, should, may, might, need, must, ought to
Chủ động : S + Modal V + V(nguyên thể) + O
Bị động: S + modal V + be + VpII + (+ by + O)
Ví dụ:
- Chủ động: She can speak English fluently.

+ Bị động với “be going to”
Chủ động: S + be + going to + V + O
Bị động: S + be + going to + be + VpII + (by + O)

+Bị động với câu mệnh lệnh thức Dạng chủ động: V + O
Bị động: S + should/must + be + V-pII
Ví dụ:
- Chủ động: Clean the floor! (Hãy lau sàn nhà đi!)
- Bị động: The floor should be cleaned! (Sàn nhà nên được lau đi)

+ Cấu trúc bị động với chủ ngữ giả “it”.
It + be + adj + (for sb) + to do st
-> It + be + adj + for st to be done
Ví dụ:
- It is easy to make this cake.
-> It is easy for this exercise to be made.

+Cấu trúc câu bị động với “make”, “let”, “have”, “get”
* Make sb do st -> Make st done (by sb): bắt ai đó làm gì

+* Have to do st -> St have to be done: phải làm gì

Have sb do st -> have st done (by sb): Nhờ ai đó làm gì

* Get sb to do st -> get st done (by sb): Nhờ ai đó làm gì
Bị động kép
1. Khi V1 chia ở các thì hiện tại như hiện tại đơn, hiện tại tiếp diễn, hiện tại hoàn thành
+ khi V1 chia ở các thì quá khứ (quá khứ đơn, quá khứ tiếp diễn, quá khứ hoàn thành)

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