READING
Counter-urbanisation
1    Read the text about the causes and effects of counter-urbanisation. (Đọc văn bản về các nguyên nhân và ảnh hưởng của phản đô thị hóa.)
While urbanisation has led to fast urban growth, counter-urbanisation has resulted in the opposite situation. Counter-urbanisation happens when a great number of people move from urban areas into rural areas.
This phenomenon is linked to the ‘push' and "puli’ factors of migration. Trying to avoid overcrowded inner cities, city dwellers look for larger, cleaner and quieter houses with more land at cheaper prices in rural or suburban areas. They want to escape the air and noise pollution, and the crime in inner cities.
However, counter-urbanisation causes serious problems in the shrinking cities. These cities face severe economic strain and a sharp increase in poverty. Despite declining populations, they still have to spend money maintaining infrastructure, such as roads, sanitation, public transport, etc., built for a much larger population.
Meanwhile, villages in the countryside become increasingly urbanised, grow fast and soon lose their uniqueness and charm. Local prices go up because city migrants have more money. They earn money from well-paid city jobs and high-valued city properties. Villagers often find it more and more difficult to earn a living and provide for their families.
Counter-urbanisation has caused many negative effects. Governments should find urgent short-term solutions before implementing a long-term comprehensive programme to make life sustainable for people in both urban and rural areas.
2     Read the text again and decide whether the following statements are true (T), false (F), or not given (NG), and tick the correct box. (Đọc văn bản một lần nữa và quyết định việc các nhận định sau đây là đúng (T), sai (F), hoặc không xác định (NG), và đánh dấu vào ô đúng.)

1. Urbanisation and counter-urbanisation are two opposite trends.
2. City dwellers look for houses in rural or suburban areas just because they are cheap.
3. Shrinking cities still face high rates of crime.
4. When populations decline, cities spend less money on maintaining infrastructure.
5. Country villages quickly lose their unique character and charm when they become urbanised and grow fast.
6. Governments should offer immediate short-term solutions to make life sustainable for both urban and rural inhabitants.

Đáp án:
1.T    2. F    3. NG
4.F     5.T     6. F
3    Work with a partner. Use the information in the table below or your own ideas to make a conversation about one of the historical figures. (Làm việc cùng người bạn. Sử dụng các thông tin trong bảng dưới đây hoặc ý tưởng của riêng bạn để tạo một cuộc trò chuyện về một trong những nhân vật lịch sử.)

People & facts	Reasons for being respected
1 The Trung Sisters/Two Ladies Trung (AD 14-43) -    National heroines, leaders ofTrung Sisters'uprising/first national uprising against the Han invaders (AD 40-43) -    Freed the country; Trung Trac became Queen; Trung Nhi-top adviser (AD 40)	-    Bravery and perseverance -    First female rulers of the nation
2ề Lady Trieu (Trieu Thi Trinh) (AD 226-248) -    Courageous female warrior -    Leader of the Vietnamese people against theWu invaders (AD 248)	-    Image of a brave warrior going into battles on an elephant -    Given the honorary title ‘Most Noble, Courageous and Virtuous Lady’ by King Ly Nam De (AD 503-548)
3. Emperor Quang Trung (1753-1792) -     National hero -     Leader of the Vietnamese people against the Qing invaders (1788-1789)	-Very talented political and military leader -    Economic and educational reforms

Ví dụ:
Student A: Who are you going to talk abcwr in your presentation tomorrow?
StudentB: I'm going to talk about our national hero - Emperor Quarng Trung. He was a very talented political and military leader.
 
He led the Vietnamese people against the Qing invaders between 1788 and 1789.
Student A: You should also mention the year of his birth and death. The Emperor was born in 1753 and died in 1792.
Student B: I will. Though he died young, he was able to introduce some very important economic and educational reforms in Viet Nam 
4  Listen to the recording about wave energy. Choose the best option to complete the sentence. Nghe đoạn ghi âm về năng lượng sóng. Chọn lựa chọn tốt nhất để hoàn thành câu.
Click tại đây để nghe:

1.    Wave energy, produced by ocean surface waves, is both           .
A.friendly and efficient
B.eco-friendly and efficient
C.  eco-friendly and cost-efficient
2.     Using 1% of wave energy can provide the equivalent of ________ the energy consumption worldwide.
 
A. 50 times B. 500 times C. 5000 times
3.     Building and operating wave power stations in the ocean is far _____ than on land.
A.  more expensive
B.more difficult
C.  more expensive and difficult
4.     Salt water is a very hostile environment to devices, which become________  and cannot last long.
A. rusty easily B. rusty slowly C. rusty
5.     Progress in renewable energy technology will soon allow Viet Nam to______effectively and efficiently.
A.export wave energy
B.exploit wave energy
C.  explore wave energy


Hướng dẫn:
1. C   2. B   3.C
4.A   5.B
As you know, the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas emit greenhouse gases. That is why environmentalists insist that we use clean, renewable energy sources. Wave energy, produced by ocean surface waves, is both eco-friendly and cost-efficient. Research has suggested that ocean wave power could make a major contribution to the world's energy resources. Scientists claim that using 1% of wave energy can provide the equivalent of 500 times the world energy consumption. With 70% of the earth's surface covered with water, wave energy is undoubtedly a valuable source of green energy.
However, there is the challenge of converting wave power into energy and transmitting it to shore. Building and operating wave power stations in the ocean is far more expensive and difficult than on land. Also, salt water is a very hostile environment to devices. They go rusty easily and cannot last as long as those on shore. Sea waves make energy harvesting even harder by moving up and down most of the time.
Viet Nam has a long coastline with great potential for producing wave energy. Hopefully, advancements in renewable energy technology will soon allow us to exploit wave energy effectively and efficiently.

5   Write meaningful sentences about the pros and cons of solar energy. Use the words given (Viết câu có ý nghĩa về những ưu và khuyết điểm của năng lượng mặt trời. Sử dụng các từ cho trước)
Gợi ý đáp án:

1. Solar energy comes directly from the sun and this renewable energy source is sustainable
2. This type of energy is environmentally friendly and does not cause pollution
3. Solar energy is available everywhere and is very quiet because solar energy/its devices do not have any moving parts
4. Solar panels are expensive as they use rare and special materials, and the technology used to store solar energy is costly
5. Solar energy is not always available since access to sunlight is limited at certain times
6. Although it is greener than fossil fuels, the production of solar panels may emit some greenhouse gases

6   Use the ideas in 5 (and your own ideas) to an essay of 180-250 words about the pros cons of solar energy.
Sử dụng các ý tưởng trong 5 (và những ý tưởng riêng của mình) để viết một bài luận khoảng 180-250 từ về những ưu khuyết điểm của năng lượng mặt trời.
Gợi ý:
Nowadays, it has become necessary to use green technology with green renewable energy sources. Among all green energy sources, solar energy is the most important renewable energy source, which has both advantages and disadvantages.
First of all, solar energy comes directly from the sun and this abundant renewable energy source is sustainable. In general, this type of energy is environmentally friendly and does not cause pollution. Another advantage is that solar energy is available everywhere in the world, not only in hot and sunny countries near the Equator. Furthermore, it is very quiet because solar energy devices do not have any moving parts.
However, solar energy is not cheap. Solar panels are expensive to produce as they use rare and special materials. In addition, the technology used to store solar energy is costly. A further disadvantage is that solar energy is not always available since access to sunlight is limited at certain times. Furthermore, although it is greener than fossil fuels, the production of solar panels may emit some greenhouse gases.
In short, there is no energy source that is completely risk-free. However, the pros of solar energy as a renewable energy source outweigh the cons. I hope that further development of green technology will soon eliminate the disadvantages.