----- Nội dung dịch tự động từ ảnh -----
E Renton Righelato, visiting research fellow at the
University of Reading and former chairman of the
World Land Trust, agrees. 'Given that it would take
the world's entire supply of arable land to replace
just two-thirds of our transport fuel needs,' he says,
"biofuels are not a practicable long-term solution for
transportation emissions. What we need is carbon-
free fuel. But in the case of abandoned croplands,
using grasses as biofuels could make a contribution,'
he adds. Study co-author Adam Wolf, of the Carnegie
Institution for Science at Stanford University, cites a
study by Elliott Campbell in Science magazine that
showed that burning grasses in a coal-fuelled plant
doubles the savings in carbon emissions compared to
using the same grasses to make ethanol. 'If biofuels
are going to reduce emissions, using abandoned
croplands to make electricity and offset coal use is our
best bet,' he says. 'Both of these countries have coal-
fuelled power plants, so the process could start soon.'
Thus, Russia and Kazakhstan are now in a position
to become leaders in green energy, and could use the
grasses to export clean electricity in addition to oil and
gas, according to Mr Wolf.
Questions 6-9
Look at the following statements (Questions 6-9)
and the list of scientists below.
Match each statement with the correct scientist,
A-D.
6 More attention will be paid to the situation in
the boreal forests in the future.
7 Boreal forests are able to deal with some of the
damage that is done to them.
8 Earlier research may have underestimated the
scale of a future problem.
9 The damage done by destroying boreal forests
lasts for a very long time.
List of scientists
A Josep Canadell
B Sebastiaan Luyssaert
C Jing Ming Chen
D Nigel Roulet
Questions 10-13
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the
passage for each answer.
Wild grasses in Russia and Kazakhstan
Questions 1-5
Scientists believe that wild grasses which are
The reading passage has five paragraphs, A-E.
currently growing on former 10.
in
Which paragraph contains the following
information?
Russia and Kazakhstan could be useful in
combating environmental problems. There are
Write the correct letter, A-E.
two different ideas concerning how this could
NB You may use any letter more than once.
happen.
1 a view concerning what can and what cannot
replace something
2 a mention of the amount by which carbon
emissions might increase in the future
3 a reference to an established belief that
researchers say is incorrect
4 evidence from one study that supports the
conclusions of another study
With the first idea, approximately ten million tons
of carbon would be stored in the ground, and
three-quarters of this would create
11
that could be used instead
of petroleum-based fuels. The second idea is
to burn the grasses in 12
power
plants. Supporters of this idea say that the effect
in reducing carbon emissions would be twice
5 how much carbon is currently located in a
particular part of the world
as great as if the first idea was carried out. The
grasses would be used to produce 13
and production of this could begin in a short
period of time.