I . TOO / ENOUGH : Quá … không thể …
*S + Be + TOO + ADJ + ( for +O ) + To + V .
* S+ V + TOO +ADV + ( for+ O ) + To + V .

*S+ Be +( NOT ) + ENOUGH + ADJ+ ( for + O ) + To + V . Đủ … để
*S+ V + (NOT ) + ENOUGH+ ADV + ( for + O ) + To +V.

II. So ……That : Such …….That : Quá ……….đến nỗi mà …….
*SO + ADJ / ADV + That + Clause .
*SUCH + ( a , an ) + ADJ + N + That Clause .

III. REFLECTIVE PRONOUNS : Đại từ phản thân
I -> Myself
We -> Ourselves
You -> Yourself / yourselves
They -> Themselves
She -> Herself
He -> Himself
It -> Itself
IV . MODAL VERBS : Động từ kiếm khuyết
S + MODAL VERBS ( not ) + Vinf without “To ”
Can
Could
Should
May
Might
Must
Ought to : nên
Had better: nên
Would
V. USED TO / BE USED TO
1.S + USED TO + V : Đã từng làm gì trong quá khứ
2. S + BE USED TO + VING / N : Quen ( trở nên quen ) làm gì đó
GET
VI . DEMANDs : CÂU RA LỆNH
* V + ( Please ) .
* DON’T + V + ( Please )

VII . REPORTED SPEECH : Câu tường thuật

1. Polite requests

- “ CAN / COULD / WOULD / WILL + YOU + ( Please ) + Vinf ……? ”
- “ V + Please ”.
- “ DON’T + V + Please ”
->Reported speech :
S + ASKED + O + ( not ) + to + V.
TOLD
REQUESTED
2. Advice .Lời khuyên
“ S + should / ought to / had better (not ) ………..”
->REPORTED SPEECH
_ S + Advised + O + (not ) to V.
- S + Said ( to O ) That S (o ) should / ought to / had better....
VII. So as / In order for purpose . Chỉ mục đích
So as ( not ) to V = In order ( not ) to V : Để ( không )

VIII . GERUNDS . Danh động từ
S + V + GERUND(Ving).
Love
Like ( Dislike )
Enjoy
Hate
Prefer
Start( Begin)
Stop / Finish
Practice
Remember : nhớ đã làm gì trong qkhứ
Try : thử # Try + to V : cố gắng
Mind : phiền lòng

IX . Passive voice Câu bị động

1. Present simple
   Active
   + S + Vs ,es + O
   S + Vzero + O
   - S + do / does not + Vinf + O .
   ? Wh + do /does + S + Vinf + O
   Passive
   
   Wh+S(o)+is/am/are( not)+VpII
2. Present Conti…

Active Passive
Wh + S + is (not )+ Ving + O-> Wh + S(o) + is + being + VpII
am am
are are

1. Present perfect

Active Passive
Wh + S + have + VpII -> Wh + S(o) + have + been VpII
has has

1. Past Simple
   Active
   + S + VED + O .
   - S + didn’t + V inf + O .
   ? ( Wh) + Did + S + Vinf + O ?Passive
   
   Wh +S(O) + was (not)+ VpII
   were
2. Near future .

Active Passive
Wh + S + is + going +to V + O
am
areWh + S(o) is + going +tobe+VpII
am
are

6. Modal Verbs Động từ khiếm khuyết
S + MODAL VERBS ( not ) +be + VPII
Can
Could
Should
May
Might
Must
Ought to : nên
Had better: nên
Would
Will
Shall
X . Present Perfect. Thì hiện tại hoàn thành
1. Use : + to express an unfinished action ( một hành động dang dở )
+to express an experience . ( một kinh nghiệm )
+ to express an action which has just happened in the past but the time is not important.
* Dấu hiệu nhận biết : since , for , not….yet , ….yet ? , lately = recently( gần đây ) , so far = since then = up to now ( từ đó đến nay ), just( vừa mới ) , already( rồi) , never , ever , it is the first ( second …) time
XI . Do / Would you mind…………….?
+ Do you mind + Ving ……? -> a polite request .
Would you mind + Ving ….?
+ Do you mind if I + Vzero ……...? -> a polite permission
Would you mind if + I + Ved ……?
= May / Can I + Vinf ………?
XII. Present participle / past participle

1. Present participle ( Ving )

It is used as an Adj to modify a N ( active )
Ex . The tiger killing the hunter is very big

1. Past participle ( VpII )

It is used as an Adj to modify a N ( passive )
Ex. The tiger killed by the hunter is very big .

XIII. Present Conti…with always Hiện tại tiếp diễn với always

• It is used to express a complaint .

Ex . He is always talking in the class !
You are always making noisy when I sleep well!

XIV. How to pronounce the ending “ed” and “s” & “es” Phát âm –ed và -s

1. “ed”

• / id / : Tận cùng là các âm : / t / & / d /
• / t / : Tận cùng là các âm : / s / , / f / , / p / , / k / , / tS / , / S /

Ex : laughed , washed , watched , danced

• / d / : Trường hợp còn lại .

Ex : raised , used , studied ………..

1. “s” & “es ”

- / iz / : Tận cùng là các âm : / s / ; /S/ ; / z / ; / tS / ; / dz/
Ex : buses ; houses ; places ; couches ; oranges ; boxes……

• / s / : Tận cùng là các âm : / p / ; / k / / t / ; / f /
• / z / : Trường hợp còn lại.

XV : Reported speech . Câu tường thuật
1 . Direct : Present simple -> Indirect : Past simple
+ S + Ves, s / Vzero. -> S said S + Ved …….
- S + don’t / doesn’t + Vinf.-> S said/ told (to O that) S didn’t Vinf

? Do / Does + S + Vinf …? -> S asked + O if / whether S +Ved……
Wh + do/does + S + Vinf ..? -> S asked + O Wh + S + Ved ……….

2 . Direct : Past simple -> Indirect : Past simple
+ S + Ved . -> S said S + Ved …….
- S + didn’t + Vinf.-> S said/ told (to O that) S didn’t Vinf

? Did + S + Vinf …? -> S asked + O if / whether S +Ved.
Wh + did + S + Vinf ..? -> S asked + O Wh + S + Ved .

1. Present Conti…. -> Past Conti…

S + is (not )+ Ving + O -> S said S + was ( not )+ Ving .
am were
are

? is / am / are + S + Ving ? -> S asked +O if /whether S + was/were + Ving .
Wh + is / am/are +S + Ving ? -> S + asked O Wh + S + was / were + Ving.

4. Present perfect -> Past Perfect
S + have (not ) + VpII . -> S said + S+ had+ VpII.
has

? Have / has + S + VpII ? -> S asked O if/ whether S + had + VpII.
Wh + have / has + S + VpII ? S asked Wh + S + had + VpII .

5. Will / Shall -> Would
6. Can -> Could
7. Must -> Had to
8. Is / am / are going to -> was / were going to
9.May -> Might
Direct -> Indirect
today / tonight thatday / thatnight
tomorrow the followingday / nextday
yesterday the day before/ the previous day
2months ago 2months before
this that
these those
here there