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The Celts reached the height of their civilization during the Iron Age, the last five centuries B.C., and then fanned out from their original homeland into many parts of continental Europe and across the channel and into the British Isles. Celtic languages were spoken in much of western Europe during Pre-Roman and Roman times. Place names of Celtic origin can be found today all over the British Isles and France, in northern Spain and Italy, and in Switzerland and parts of Germany.

Rather than one language, the Celtic languages consist of two distinct clusters: the Gaelic group and the Brythonic group. These two clusters of languages most likely developed from dialects of the same language, the language of the Celts in their original homeland. These two dialects were most likely mutually intelligible to some degree as late as the fourth century. The Gaelic group of Celtic languages consists of Irish, Scottish, and Manx, the language of the Isle of Man. The Brythonic group of Celtic languages includes Welsh, Cornish, Breton, and Gaulish, the language of Gaul prior to the days of the Roman Empire, with its Latin-speaking population.

Many, though not all, of the Celtic languages are either extinct or are in the process of becoming extinct. Gaulish apparently disappeared around 600 A.D. Cornish and Manx both actually became extinct, the former in the nineteenth century and the latter just a few decades ago, but both are being revived and are now taught in a few schools each. Scottish, Irish and Breton are all declining in use. There are under a hundred thousand speakers of Scottish Gaelic, mostly on the northern Hebridean Islands; there are more than a hundred thousand speakers of Irish, mainly in the western counties of Ireland; there are about a half million speakers who use Breton on a daily basis. In all these situations, though, the rate of transmission to new generations is low, and this does not bode well for the survival of these languages. Of all the Celtic languages, perhaps only Welsh has a strong hold on the future.

1. The author’s purpose in the passage is to ______.

A. describe the past and present of a related set of languages

B. list the major characteristics of Celtic languages

C. outline the major achievements of the Celts

D. explain how languages manage to survive without changing

2. According to the passage, the Celtic languages did NOT ______.

A. develop from the Indo-European language family B. originate in the British Isles

C. exist before the time of the Roman Empire D. provide any Italian place names

3. The passage states that the Celts were ______.

A. peaceful farmers B. unheard of during the Bronze Age

C. at the peak during the Iron Age D. at the height of their civilization 1,500 years ago

4. The expression “fanned out” could best be replaced by ______.

A. spread out B. called off C. got lost D. turned out

5. The Brythonic group of languages does NOT include ______.

A. Welsh B. Cornish C. Manx D. Breton

6. It is implied in the passage that Gaulish ______.

A. first surfaced after the Roman Empire B. has been revived in the last century

C. is declining in use D. was replaced by Latin

7. The main idea of the third paragraph is that ______.

A. all Celtic languages are extinct B. a few Celtic languages disappeared

C. some Celtic languages are flourishing D. most Celtic languages are either dead or dying

8. According to the passage, the percentage of the young people learning Scottish, Irish, and Breton is ______.

A. nonexistent B. not high C. increasing D. quite robust

9. This passage would most likely be assigned reading in a course on ______.

A. archeology B. European literature

C. historical linguistics D. Bronze Age civilizations

10. The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses______.

A. how Welsh is surviving B. efforts to classify Celtic languages

C. languages that preceded Celtic languages in Europe D. the causes of language extinction