What geographical features have created the land of Ross Island?

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**The changing fortunes of Antarctic penguins**

Robert Gates explains how climate change has started to affect the natural habitat of the Adélie penguin

A. The effects of climate change are complex, with scientists constantly trying to understand how ecosystems are affected. Nowhere is this more so than in the Antarctic – a place where no humans live permanently, but which nevertheless is undergoing change due to human interference.

B. Over the last five years, scientists have been examining the populations of different types of penguin that inhabit the Antarctic continent. In particular, they have been looking at penguins living on Ross Island – a huge island connected to the Antarctic mainland by a permanent sheet of ice, and formed from four large volcanoes, one of which is still active. On the western side of Ross Island is Cape Royds, home to a colony of Adélie penguins. In 2000, there were estimated to be about 4,000 Adélie nests, but a survey carried out in the last few months found that the number had fallen to 2,100.

D. Elsewhere on Ross Island, in contrast to McMurdo Sound, the situation is more encouraging. At Cape Crozier, Adélie penguins are thriving. The colony is now thought to have an estimated 230,000 breeding pairs, an upturn of 20% over the last three decades. Penguins nesting on this part of Ross Island may actually be benefitting from human activity, scientists suspect. In 1996, a fishing company opened near the area, and started fishing for vast quantities of Chilean sea bass – otherwise known as the Patagonian toothfish. As both the Adélies and the sea bass eat silverfish, competition for this food source has now been dramatically reduced, and this may partly explain why penguin numbers have risen at Cape Crozier.

1. What geographical features have created the land of Ross Island? A/B/C/D
2. How many Adélie penguin nests were counted at Cape Royds? A/B/C/D
3. On what type of surface do Adélie penguins usually choose to build their nests? A/B/C/D
4. What has, in the past, prevented penguins from reaching the open sea in the McMurdo Sound? A/B/C/D
5. Approximately, what distance did Adélie penguins then have to walk to reach the sea? A/B/C/D