You are going to read a magazine article in which various people talk about their jobs. For questions 16-25, choose the people A-D. The people may be chosen more than once.

Which person says their job involves

16. large amounts of paperwork?                                          

17. accepting certain financial limitations?                           

18. encouraging visitor participation?           

19. listening to disagreements?

20. doing considerable background research?

21. introducing problems that require solutions?

22. producing advertising literature?

23. organising trips designed to increase people's awareness?

24. constant updating of their own materials?

25. working with a team of colleagues?

Your answers:

16. ________

17. ________

18. ________

19. ________

20. ________

21. ________

22. ________

23. ________

24. ________

25. ________

MY LINE OF WORK

Four people talk about their jobs.

A. Lisa - Exhibition Programmes Organiser, Science Museum

I'm responsible for putting temporary exhibitions together. This includes planning and designing the exhibition and promoting it. I have to read up about the subject of the exhibition beforehand and then talk to important people in the area so that I can establish the main themes and aims of the exhibition, and plan what objects and pictures should be displayed. I have to make sure the public can understand the thinking behind the exhibition, which means planning interactive displays, workshops and theatre. I also have to bring in engineers and electricians to make sure the final display is not dangerous to visitors. Before the exhibition opens, I help design and write the brochures and leaflets that we'll use to tell people about it.

B. Janet - Teacher of London Taxi Drivers

The first thing I do when I get here at 7.30 a.m. is check the accounts. Then I see what new maps and documents need to be produced in order to learn the 'runs' or routes necessary to pass the London taxi-driver test. By midday, about 50 students are in school, working out how to make the journeys. They work out the most direct route, using the correct one-way streets, and right- and left-hand turns. I get involved when there's a difference of opinion - like whether you can do a right turn at a particular junction. When they're close to the test, I'll give them a simple route and no matter what way they say they'll go, I'll tell them they have to use another route because the road is closed. The next student will have to find a third route and again I'll come up with a reason why they can't go that way. It's just to make them think.

C. Sarah - Marine Conservationist

I live by the coast and work from home. This involves responding to telephone enquiries, producing educational resources and setting up training courses. Occasionally, I go into our main office but generally I am on the coast. I also work with schools and study centres and run courses for coastal managers and those involved in making decisions about the fate of the seas. I do things like take them out to sea in a boat in an attempt to make them think more about the life underneath them. This often changes their views as it's very different from making decisions using a computer screen. I am extremely lucky because conservation is my hobby, so the job has many highs for me. The downside of the job is that I work for a charity, so there is a constant need for more money. This means I'm always looking for more resources and I'm not able to achieve everything I want.

D. Chris - Map and Atlas Publisher

My work is pretty varied. I have to make sure that the publishing programme matches market requirements, and ensure that we keep stocks of 300 or so of the books that we publish. We have very high standards of information and content. We receive many letters from readers on issues such as the representation of international boundaries and these in particular require a careful response. I discuss future projects and current sales with co-publishers. I work as part of an enthusiastic group which makes the job that much more enjoyable. The negative side, as with many jobs, is that there is far too much administration to deal with, which leaves less time to work on the more interesting tasks such as product development and design.

Part 3: (10 points). Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

A survey is a study, generally in the form of an interview or a questionnaire, which provides information concerning how people think and act. In the United States, the best-known surveys are the Gallup poll and the Harris poll. As anyone who watches the news during presidential campaigns knows, these polls have become an important part of political life in the United States.

North Americans are familiar with the many "person on the street" interviews on local television news shows. While such interviews can be highly entertaining, they are not necessarily an accurate indication of public opinion. First, they reflect the opinions of only those people who appear at a certain location. Thus, such samples can be biased in favor of commuters, middle-class shoppers, or factory workers, depending on which area the new people select. Second, television interviews tend to attract outgoing people who are willing to appear on the air, while they frighten away others who may feel intimidated by a camera. A survey must be based on a precise, representative sampling if it is to genuinely reflect a broad range of the population.

In preparing to conduct a survey, sociologists must exercise great care in the wording of questions. An effective survey question must be simple and clear enough for people to understand it. It must also be specific enough so that there are no problems in interpreting the results. Even questions that are less structured must be carefully phrased in order to elicit the type of information desired. Surveys can be indispensable sources of information, but only if the sampling is done properly and the questions are worded accurately.

There are two main forms of surveys: the interview and the questionnaire. Each of these forms of survey research has its advantages. An interviewer can obtain a high response rate because people find it more difficult to turn down a personal request for an interview than to throw away a written questionnaire. In addition, an interviewer can go beyond written questions and probe for a subject's underlying feelings and reasons. However, questionnaires have the advantage of being cheaper and more consistent.

26. What does the passage mainly discuss?

A. The importance of polls in American political life

B. The principles of conducting surveys

C. Problems associated with interpreting surveys

D. The history of surveys in North America

27. According to the passage, the main disadvantage of person-on-the-street interviews is that they _______.

A. are not based on a representative sampling           B. reflect political opinions

C. are not carefully worded                                        D. are used only on television

28. The word "they" refers to ________.

A. news shows                        B. opinions                  C. interviews               D. North Americans

29. The word "precise" is closest in meaning to ________.

A. accurate                              B. rational                   C. required                  D. planned

30. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is most important for an effective survey?

A. A sociologist who is able to interpret the results

B. Carefully worded questions

C. An interviewer's ability to measure respondents' feelings

D. A high number of respondents

31. The word "indispensable" is closest in meaning to ________.

A. necessary                B. complicated                        C. expensive                D. simple

32. According to the reading passage, there are ________ main categories of surveys.

A. four                                    B. five                         C. two                         D. three

33. It can be inferred from the passage that one reason that sociologists may become frustrated with questionnaires is that ________.

A. questionnaires are expensive and difficult to distribute

B. respondents are too eager to supplement questions with their own opinions

C. questionnaires are often difficult to read

D. respondents often do not complete and return questionnaires

34. According to the passage, one advantage of live interviews over questionnaires is that live interviews ________.

A. minimize the influence of the researcher               B. are easier to interpret

C. are costless                                                             D. can produce more information

35. Which word is given definition in the text?

A. sampling                             B. poll                         C. survey                     D. interview